Practically-Achievable Energy Savings with the Optimal Control of Stratified Water Heaters with Predicted Usage

Residential water heaters use a substantial amount of electrical energy and contribute to 25% the usage in residential sector. This raises concern for users countries with flat rate electricity fees where fossil fuels are used generation. Demand side management tanked is well suited energy-focused load reduction strategies. We propose strategy providing an electric heater (EWH) optimal temperature planning reduce overall while satisfying comfort user. A probabilistic hot model predict behaviour A*-based optimisation algorithm, which accounts stratification tank. feedback controller novel energy-correcting capabilities provides robustness prediction errors. Three control strategies presented compared baseline thermostat always on: The first ensures temperature-matched usages, second energy-matched third variation that Legionella prevention. Results were obtained 77 heaters, each one simulated four weeks. median savings predicted 2.2% strategy, 9.6% both also compare practical ideal scenario scheduling has perfect foreknowledge had 4.1 11.0 percentage point decrease from savings.